Professor Donal Dineen of the University of Limerick for his generous encouragement and for facilitating the study leave during which much of this was written.
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MõÂcheaÂl Mac Craith, Professor of Modern Irish at the National University of Ireland, Galway, has been singularly unsel®sh in responding to my work and in sharing his scholarship with me. Hiram Morgan, also of the History Department, has very kindly read sections of this work and tried to save me from error. I am indebted to Kenneth Nicholls of the History Department UCC for sharing with me some of his unparalleled knowledge of sixteenth-century Ireland. My debt to Patricia Coughlan goes back to my undergraduate days in University College, Cork and I have drawn from her sharp intellect, good humour and generosity ever since. I am grateful to Gillian Wright for her careful reading of part of the ®nal draft. I owe a particular debt to Wes Williams for his exceptionally perceptive reading of this work at different stages and for the energy and stimulation of the discussions that followed. We talked early modern Ireland until it seemed almost as real as ®nde-sieÁcle Oxford.
I've been fortunate to have Deana Rankin as a reader and critic, friend and neighbour. I am also behoven to Richard MacCabe for giving me the bene®t of his insightful reading of the work at a vital stage. Professors David Norbrook and Clare Carroll, my examiners, have given generously of their time and encouragement over the years. This work grows out of an Oxford doctoral thesis, `The Grafted Tongue: Linguistic Colonisation and the Native Response in Sixteenth-Century Ireland', and I am eternally grateful to my supervisor, Bernard O'Donoghue, for his enthusiasm, kindness and wisdom and for supervisions that ¯owed with laughter and good talk. A book which explores the origins of the troubled conversation between Irish and English ± both speakers and languages ± is itself the outcome of conversations of far less troubled kinds that have criss-crossed these islands. To my parents, William and Catherine Palmer, le graÂ.ġ Conquest, colonial ideologies and the consequences for languageĢ `A bad dream with no sound': the representation of Irish in the texts of the Elizabethan conquestģ `Wilde speech': Elizabethan evaluations of IrishĤ `Translating this kingdom of the new': English linguistic nationalism and Anglicisation policy in Irelandĥ New world, new incomprehension: patterns of change and continuity in the English encounter with native languages from Munster to ManoaĬonversation of one kind or another is central to this work. The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa © Patricia Palmer 2004 First published in printed format 2001 ISBN 9-2 eBook (netLibrary) ISBN 8-1 hardback
LANGUAGE AND CONQUEST IN EARLY MODERN IRELAND English Renaissance literature and Elizabethan imperial expansion PAT R I C I A PA L M E R She has published and broadcast on language issues. p a t r i c i a p a l m e r is a lecturer in the Renaissance School in the Department of English and Related Literature at the University of York. This is an ambitious comparative study which will interest literary and political historians. Palmer shows how manoeuvres of linguistic expansion rehearsed in Ireland shaped Englishmen's encounters with the languages of the New World, and frames that analysis within a comparison between English linguistic colonisation and Spanish practice in the New World. In Language and Conquest in Early Modern Ireland, Patricia Palmer uses their writings, as well as material from the State Papers, to explore the part which language played in shaping colonial ideology and English national identity. The Elizabethan colonisers in Ireland included some of the leading poets and translators of the day. The Elizabethan conquest of Ireland sparked off two linguistic events of enduring importance: it initiated the language shift from Irish to English, which constitutes the great drama of Irish cultural history, and it marks the beginnings of English linguistic expansion. Language and conquest in early modern ireland